With this backing, Greece managed to defeat the partisans and, ultimately, remained the only non-communist country in the region. Vinča culture developed a form of proto-writing before the Sumerians and Minoans, known as the Old European script, while the bulk of the symbols had been created in the period between 4500 and 4000 BC, with the ones on the Tărtăria clay tablets even dating back to around 5300 BC.[52]. For Croats, it begins with the Orthodox, despotic, Byzantine Serbia, against which Croatia defends the values of democratic Western civilization. Another reason it was not commonly accepted as the definition of then European Turkey had a similar land extent.

[23] An eventual Balkan peninsula can be considered a territory South of the Balkan Mountains, with a possible name "Greek-Albanian Peninsula.

The First World War was sparked in the Balkans in 1914 when members of Young Bosnia, a revolutionary organization with predominantly Serb and pro-Yugoslav members, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital, Sarajevo.

In 2012, Montenegro started accession negotiations with the EU. [63], With the start of the Second World War, all Balkan countries, with the exception of Greece, were allies of Nazi Germany, having bilateral military agreements or being part of the Axis Pact. While in the non-aligned Yugoslavia, Wars between the former Yugoslav republics broke out after Slovenia and Croatia held free elections and their people voted for independence on their respective countries' referenda. December 2009) http://www.igenea.com/index.php?content=49&id=40 (05. Your Haplogroup tells much about your ancient ethnic origins. Because a Haplogroup consists of similar Haplotypes, it is possible to predict a person's Haplogroup from his Haplotype. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers and poor soils, although certain cultures such as olive and grape flourish. Ιn 2001 an Albanian uprising in North Macedonia forced the country to give local autonomy to the ethnic Albanians in the areas where they predominate. Today it is most common in the horn of Africa, North Africa, the Near East and around the Mediterranean. However, after the Congress of Berlin (1878) there was a political need for a new term and gradually "the Balkans" was revitalized, but in the maps, the northern border was in Serbia and Montenegro without Greece (it only depicted the Ottoman occupied parts of Europe), while Yugoslavian maps also included Croatia and Bosnia. In pre-classical and classical antiquity, this region was home to Greeks, Illyrians, Paeonians, Thracians, Dacians, and other ancient groups. Yugoslavia, led by Marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), first propped up then rejected the idea of merging with Bulgaria and instead sought closer relations with the West, later even spearheaded, together with India and Egypt the Non-Aligned Movement. At the time, Bulgaria was fighting at the main Thracian Front. That caused a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, which—through the existing chains of alliances—led to the First World War.
SNPs are rare. [58] During the Middle Ages, the Balkans became the stage for a series of wars between the Byzantine Roman and the Bulgarian Empires.

In the southern part winters are milder. It is as if one can never receive a definitive answer to the question, "Where does it begin?"


Snips clarify the branching of a tree--separation of different subhaplogroups. The main ranges are the Balkan mountains (Stara Planina in Bulgarian language), running from the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria to the border with Serbia, the Rilo-Rhodope massif in southern Bulgaria, northern Greece and southeastern North Macedonia, the Dinaric Alps in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro, the Šar massif which spreads from Albania to North Macedonia, and the Pindus range, spanning from southern Albania into central Greece and the Albanian Alps. Greece is no longer Balkan proper, but the cradle of our Western civilization. The J2 haplogroup is far more ancient than the Jewish religion and is found in many lines with Mediterranean region ancient ancestry. [64] Days before the German invasion, a successful coup d'état in Belgrade by neutral military personnel seized power.[65].

By testing SNPs it is possible to retrace the history of a paternal line.

Think of Haplotypes as leaves on a tree, and a Haplogroup as a limb of that tree. The term Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for European Turkey, the political borders of former Ottoman Empire provinces. Meaning thousands of years ago.

Balkan countries control the direct land routes between Western Europe and South-West Asia (Asia Minor and the Middle East). The presence of R1a in the British Isles is in the main due to Norse Viking ancestry, although Anglo-Saxons and Danes will have carried a smaller proportion there and there is a rare English-specific subgroup. ", "History against Geography: Should We Always Think of the Balkans As Part of Europe? Archaeology is defined as the study of human cultures.


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