In other developing economies, particularly, in Asia and East Africa, such Organizations are forces to reckon with since they determine prices and even supply levels. Community Factors. Farmer based organizations in Ghana. Through them, government and donor agencies may deliver support for capacity building, and even technologies to enhance their operations. ICA Domust Trust. Agribusiness cooperatives, p. 210. Community organizing for people's empowerment. It is important to take action against any negative influences. Since farmer groups are owned by farmers, apex bodies must by default be owned by farmers.Ownership however may not necessarily imply direct management since like any other corporate institution the owners/shareholders may hire management expertise for its efficient administration albeit under the auspices of a controlling authority. It is necessary to guide the community in a positive direction to develop working strategies. This implies reducing potentials for domination of the group by persons with kinship or other bonding ties. Effect Of Participation In Farmer Based Organisations On Profitability Of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) Enterprise In Mulanje District, Malawi. New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health. To whom do we have accountability? This interest is based on the premise that FBOs give farmers bargaining power in the market place, enable cost-effective delivery of extension services, and empower FBO members to influence policies that affect their … Descriptive statistics was used to characterize farmers in the study. In many developed countries, volunteers are a major force in providing services to the community. AgrAbility. Agricultural System, 7(4), 157-161. Step 1. It is the community's organization for their development, so the leaders' opinions and support should be obtained. Establishing a group: A participative action model. London: Zed Books. This is partly true, but if the overall policy framework emphasizes empowerment, self-help, or user-pay systems, then more local resources could be mobilized and help increase the correct way of using current natural resources on a sustainable basis. Manila: Kapativan-Kaunlaran Foundation. The key factor here is for the VEW to gain the community's trust in order to help them develop. Ames: Iowa State University Press. ), Livestock services for smallholders: A critical evaluation. Several methods are available, such as SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis, prioritizing, and action-planning methods. This has been the bane of FBO development in Ghana.Granted that the website is not the most up to date locus for information on FBOs but it provides in the very least a reference point as may be attested to by many local and foreign agencies including IFPRI in its research on FBOs in Ghana. They need to watch for people who want to take over the FOs for their self-interest. The Public Access Library Grant White Twaya 99 PAGES (25374 WORDS) Agricultural Education Thesis . Farmers and farmers’ associations have an outsized impact on landscapes all over the world. Maybe we cannot discount this erroneous perception altogether since MOFA tenaciously clings to FBOs formed under the AgSSIP program in their reporting and other collaborative efforts with their partners. Community consultation techniques: Purposes, processes and pitfalls - A guide for planners and facilitators. Similarly, there may be institutions identified as apex bodies but it has been difficult to identify who really owns them, the relationship between them and their constituencies, especially, in areas of advocacy, and financing. Chamala, S. (1995a). Ask committee members to meet to discuss actions periodically and report to general members regularly to keep them informed and involved. Farmer Based Organization Secretariat Directorate of Agricultural Extension Services P. O Box M37 Ministries – Accra Rome: FAO. Factors Influencing Community Group Effectiveness. Directorate of Agricultural Extension Services, P. O Box M37
Farmer Based Organizations (FBOs) Networks and Apex organizations act as mouthpieces of FBOs and represent their interest in ensuring the best possible financial and social positions for their members within the national economy.They provide a platform for the provision of promotional and advisory services and become the conduit for advocacy with collaborators, especially, in This research sought to study the FBO approach as used by an NGO, the Presbyterian Farmers Training Program in the northern region of Ghana. Such apex organizations are the mouthpieces of the FBOs and represent their interest at national and even international forum. Farmer-driven processing/post-harvesting enterprises with FOs as shareholders Several different business models have been adopted in which FOs are shareholders, including the following: ESOP mechanism. One should not take a blueprint approach, but rather a learning-process approach within an action-learning framework (Korten, 198). Journal of Extension System, 9(2), 33-64. ), Research in Rural Sociology and Development. Getting the multiple perspectives of identified leaders in the community informally is the next step. Retired professional teachers, nurses, and agricultural scientists could be encouraged to work as volunteers with FOs. The VEW can unobtrusively provide the format and make suggestions on how to conduct meetings and how to strengthen FOs. Gian Nicola Francesconi & Fleur Wouterse, 2015. Group atmosphere4. Identifying Potential Leaders in the Community. Farmer Based Organizations (FBOs) Networks and Apex organizations act as mouthpieces of FBOs and represent their interest in ensuring the best possible financial and social positions for their members within the national economy.They provide a platform for the provision of promotional and advisory services and become the conduit for advocacy with collaborators, especially, in pricing and other marketing negotiations with distributors and industrialists. The leader's new work: Building learning organizations. Seetharaman, S. P., & Shingi, P. M. (1992). FBOs networks provide opportunities for Post production management through improved supply chain management with emphasis on developing linkages between clusters of small to medium scale farmers and processors to be recipients of technical advice and logistics; and the development of commodity brokerage services to support marketing of agriculture produce; Particularly at the national and regional levels, FBO networks provide a vehicle for the promotion of demand-driven research for Science and Technology in Food and Agriculture. VEWs need to understand the factors that influence group or organization effectiveness or success (see details in Box 3). Collective action is crucial for survival and sustainable development. Establishing a group: A model for participative action management. (This is relevant even if we are sponsored by donor agencies who I believe support us on the understanding of the interest we are supposed to be serving). The Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy(FASDEP) and the Agricultural Extension Policy of Ministry of Food and Agriculture(MoFA) emphasizes on the use of Private Sector actors and Farmer Based Organizations(FBOs) for agriculture service delivery for a more cost effective and rapid dissemination of technologies to small scale farmers. Journal of Social and Economic Studies, 4,295-312. Several macro-level policy issues influence the establishment of farmer organizations. Group composition2. Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global agenda. They can also enhance opportunities for sustained funding of research by partnering with the private sector (including farmer groups) and NGOs to identify and adopt innovative approaches to agricultural research funding and commercialization; As indicated earlier, FBOs provide opportunities as vehicles for rural and agricultural development. The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development. Rural people's organizations and extension communication in northern Thailand. Members should agree on levies that will enable them cover administrative costs and must contribute equities that assures them of their membership status and right to ownership. Korten, D. C. (1980). Understanding the Village Community and Gaining Their Trust. In recent years, there has been renewed interest among both public and private organizations to establish farmer based organizations (FBOs) in Ghana. Dreaming Out Loud. This step is similar to step 1 for establishing farmer organizations. Presentation on Farmer Based Organizations. Gupta, A. K. (1985). I will like to disabuse this notion. Ecologically, the commercial sector is dependent on resource-poor or other minority tribes and groups for their survival. A recent exercise to register FBOs generated considerable challenges for the FBO secretariat from persons who thought they had been excluded despite their being in existence for ever; others who thought their existence was from projects thought they did not have anything to do with the MOFA. Jakarta: Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesia. Group (FO) Internal Factors. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. Farmer-based organisations (FBOs) are formed in the communal farming communities, mostly by Agricultural Support Services (ASS) providers with the aim that rural communities will become sustainable and manage their own community development activities. Acquiring facilitation skills is important. Membership in an FBO does not necessarily guarantee credit: Whilst this may not be documented, it appears that most people join FBOs with an intention to receive credit most of which are not paid back because it is “government money”. Quite often, employees of cooperative associations do not demonstrate sufficient commitment to members of the group, a situation which leads to dissatisfaction and their eventual disintegration. Increased private sector participation is a positive development, as it will help complement government efforts in the face of dwindling government funding to the sector. Chamala, S. (1991). In J. VEWs can play a positive role in developing a common or shared vision for sustainable development. They provide a platform for the provision of promotional and advisory services and become the conduit for advocacy with collaborators including distributors and industrialists. 5. "Promoting the role of farmer-based organizations for value chain integration: the tension between a program's targeting and an organization's investment strategy," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. Staff's "people skills" in managing groups, 13. What legal instruments exist to ensure sustenance of the relationships between employees of the apex bodies and the owners of the network. FBOs are employers of their administrative staff and not vice versa. Farmer and producer organizations are, by and large, local associations that represent family farms. It is important to help the community to understand that it is in everybody's interest to strengthen FOs with win-win strategies. Carman, K., & Keith, K. (1994). Service Agency Factors. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. They are not connected to official agricultural information systems, so often develop their own. But VEWs can encourage FOs to reflect on their activities more frequently so that they learn and improve their management skills. Korten, D. C. (1989). Dreaming Out Loud works toward a more equitable food system, centering their … Again, several techniques like future research, problem census, and SWOT analysis will help develop a shared vision for the commercial sector as well as the low-resource farming sector or minority groups. The Forum facilitates a permanent process of consultation between these producer organizations, IFAD and governments, focusing on rural development and poverty reduction. 15. A clear area for their participation will be representation on the Research-Extension-Farmer Linkage Committees (RELCs). Volume 3, p. 65-84. Means or ends distinction: some groups are formed as means for development, while others are formed to harvest government subsidies. Through the relay of information based on identified issues from their networks to scientists, FBOs can direct research towards achieving the objectives of FASDEP. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Farmer organisations 1. What mandate do we have from our constituents and how do we report back to them on our marching orders? In concluding, I would like to emphasize a few points that help in sustaining FBOs and pose some questions to engender further discussions on how to sustain FBO networks. To be an owner of an organization has its obligations, the first of which is sustaining its existence. Guide to monitoring and evaluation of small farmers' cooperatives in Asia, p. 121. These monitoring or reflection processes help strengthen FOs and avoid self-defeating problems. The Credit Union Association (CUA) of Ghana is a typical example of self-owned financial institution. We use new data on 500 Farmer‐Based Organizations (FBOs) in Ghana and regression analysis to reveal determinants of collective investments and the case of the Millennium Development Authority's (MiDA) agricultural program in Ghana to demonstrate that development programs offering hard incentives may be counterproductive in promoting collective action. Esman, M. J., & Uphoff, N. T. (1984). 1. Box 3. Local organisations: Intermediaries in rural development. Helping them to see beyond petty politics and personal jealousies and to develop inclusive principles for development is one of the main roles for extension personnel. Brisbane: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland. For example, "Landcare" groups in Australia and some successful FOs in Malaysia, the Philippine, Thailand, India, and Africa are helping other farmer groups or farmer organizations to be effective not for egalitarian or welfare reasons, but because they see that the commercial sector is dependent on low-resource farmers or upland farmers in solving their salting, erosion, water quality, and pest and weed management problems. In the past two decades, Ghana has witnessed many governmental and nongovernmental projects ), Community development in perspective, p. 196-218. The VEW can help the leaders in setting up a community meeting to strengthen FOs or to form a new one. Leaders should be careful not to let the meetings and the community mood for "head hunting" or "apportioning the blame for the FO's inefficiency" to take control. What contribution do our members make towards maintaining our existence? NYCAMH serves the agricultural community by studying farmers’ health and safety issues, supplying health screenings and education, and providing occupational health and mental health services to farmers. Useful procedures are outlined in steps 7 to 10 in the section on establishing farmer organizations. Shingi, P. M., & Bluhm, L. H. (1987). existing system of Farmer Field Schools (FFS), training over 40,000 farmer facilitators in 1465 FFS of 25-30 farmers with support from a number of NGOs and donors. Working together for Landcare: Group management skills and strategies, p. 368. Some policy makers believe that strong farmer organizations could create more demand on research and extension. Usually evaluation is done annually to meet formal requirements. Group management skills for Landcare: A trainers' guide, p. 407. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. This study highlights the effect of farmer-based organization on maize farm productivity in OHVN zone in Mali using a cross-sectional data from 405 maize farmers in this area. The usual tendency is for the VEWs to talk to formal … Step 10. The Coordinator,Farmer Based Organization Secretariat
), Participative approaches to Landcare: Perspectives, policies and programs. FARMER ORGANISATIONS:Formation And Management Dr. R P Singh Associate Director Extension Education 2. Level "group think" characteristics in the group9. 2. Groups and organizations are part of the community in which they exist. Local organizations and leadership in community development. IUCN is onto something with the Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions and its associated self-assessment. People first: A guide to self-reliant participatory development. Gupta, V. K., & Gaikwad, V. R. (1986). FBOs provide opportunities for farmers to benefit from economies of scale, better bargaining power and a stronger voice in policy development. Balance between group maintenance needs, individual needs, and task needs8. In S. Chamala & P. D. Mortiss, Working together for Landcare: Group management skills and strategies, p. 13-38. Garkovich, L. E. (1989). The Government is now looking to build on this network of FFS to create Farmer-Based Organisations and a network of Agricultural Business Centres to service them. Chamala, S. (1990). Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. Farmer organizations are a formal or informal (registered or unregistered) membership-based collective action groups serving its members, who receive part or all of their livelihood from agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries and/or other rural activities). FBO networks at local/community levels provide ideal numbers for capacity building and training in business skills, accounting and financial management, adherence to entrepreneurship principles including transparency and accountability as well as organizational leadership. Group effectiveness: From group extension methods to participative community Landcare groups. A. Christenson & J. W. J. R. Robinson (Eds. Participation in irrigation projects: Changing patterns in northwestern India. Like any other voluntary organization, farmers/fishermen/herdsmen must be free to join up and participate democratically in their FBOs. It is essential to conduct monitoring and periodic evaluations. Step 6. 1. INTERNATIONAL FOODPOLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEsustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty Ghana Strategy Support Program Collective Action in Farmer Based Organizations Rebecca Lee Funk April 18, 2011. Establishing a Core Group of Leaders to Draft a Proposal. In S. Chamala & K. Keith (Eds. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. ), Participative approaches to Landcare: Perspectives, policies and programs. Community organization and rural development: A learning process approach. Putting pieces of the jigsaw puzzle together to understand why FOs are inactive requires diplomatic and detecting skills. VEWs can help the community to understand the reasons and causes for decline. Development phase of the group10. Several steps are suggested below to revive or revitalize existing FOs. I must admit there were also very credible FBOs and even self sustaining networks whose credibility led to the establishment of an active database and a website. Similarly, the commercial sector needs peace and prosperity to avoid social unrest and to stop thefts and other problems. The main objective of ESOP (Entreprises de services et organisations de Types of planning methods used: directive or participative, top-down or bottom-up, or balance of methods to maximize participation. Farmer Organizations FOs: have a defined membership, purpose for assembling and organizational structure, established to support members in … Step 4. The fact that they are apex bodies implies the existence of a network of bodies from a base to the top. Community organization is essential for rural development. Guide to management of small farmers' cooperatives, p. 172. By reviewing the literature on groups and management, Chamala (1995b) identified twenty-six factors that factors, (2) service agency factors, (3) community factors, and (4) other external factors. Noppakun, M., & Chamala, S. (1992). Cohesion5. The Farmers’ Forum is the overall framework of the partnership between IFAD and organizations run by smallholder farmers. Chamala, S. (1995b). Encouraging Local Leaders to Call Community Meetings. Greenwich: Jai Press. organizations include: Farmer and Nature Net (FNN), Cambodia. FBO networks at district and higher levels are generally responsible for seeking input and output markets for their members advocating for their interests, and serving as agents for self assessment and adherence to standards. The support include; equipment and training for beneficiary farmer-based groups. The National AgrAbility Project administered by the USDA aims to enhance the quality of … Proceedings of a seminar held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, November 10-15, 1992. However, as was learnt from an evaluation of MOFA promoted FBOs, when such support becomes the raison d’être for the formation of FBOs their chances of survival become limited. View Academics in Farmer Based Organizations on Academia.edu. One of the expected outcomes of support to the promotion of FBOs under AgSSIP was to create opportunities for FBOs to develop networks towards apex organizations. Overview of participative action approaches in Australian land and water management. They emerge as networks of local NGOs usually of common commodities within a given value chain and are organized and controlled by the farmers themselves. The factors influencing community group effectiveness (Box 3) can be used as a guideline by selecting the relevant factors and ignoring the irrelevant ones. Just as in farmer-to-farmer extension methods, VEWs should help link the commercial sector with the low-resource farm sector so that win-win projects can be developed. They therefore do not last beyond a project period. Leadership styles7. This is a normal process for many groups or FOs. On organizing equity: Are solutions really the problem? In all these it appeared the overriding resistance was from a perception of the ministry trying to control FBOs; a situation which seemed to pose a threat to some existing kingdoms. Quite often because they are voluntarily formed based on need, they are sustained through shared interest of their members. liberal approach to the development of cooperatives, allowing other types of rural and farmers’ self-help organizations for income-generating activities to be formed, all of which are commonly referred to as farmer-based organizations (FBOs). It is important that VEWs understand these forces that influence their functioning. Advantages of Local/Community FBO Networks, It is important to caution at this point that the purpose of associating or belonging to an FBO should not be for receiving credit or resources ONLY, Advantages of District /Regional/National Networks. Follow Author . Manalili, A. G. (1990). At this level it will be easier to promote adherence to standards and good agricultural practices. Seeking Ideas on Strengthening and Revitalizing Community FOs. A validation exercise undertaken by independent consultants, provided some startling insights; most of which had bearings on FBOs with no active/paid up constituent members; FBOs without constitutions and sadly in some situations some FBOs without traceable addresses. Many FOs have failed because of corruption, mismanagement, conflict, and lack of clear goals. Again, VEWs can talk to key leaders and seek their ideas on how to strengthen or revitalize the existing FOs or how to create new ones. The historical perspective of the FOs and various local factors that influenced their inaction must be obtained. Garforth, C. (1993). Gupta, V. K. (1989). Nana Oforiwaa Koranteng, Development Economist. Adoption of livestock practices by successful and less successful extension groups of small farmers. FNN was established in 2003 after a process of consultations among village based farmers associations supported by its … Will strong farmer organizations create more demand for services, and if so, how can this issue be resolved? It is important to stress at this point that what we seek to achieve include: a) Self evolved and self-sustaining farmer groups; and. Getting Comments on and Community Endorsement of the Strategy. Community Based Organizations (cbos) Maize; Piggery; Chicken; 2: Ogoro Onote-angeki B: Apac: 2016: 15 : Community Based Organizations (cbos) Maize; Cattle; 3: Tulibamukisa Development Group: Apac: 2017: 30 : Community Based Organizations (cbos) Maize; Goats; Chicken; 4: Yesu Atwero Aketo Community Group: Apac: 2016: 70 : Community Based Organizations (cbos) Maize; Beans; Soya … See Chamala and Mortiss (1990) and Carman and Keith (1994) for techniques on participative planning and community consultation. Chamala, S., & Mortiss, P. D. (1990). Calacea Farm, Not For Sale (NFS) (Romania) – NFS is an organization working to fight modern-day slavery around the world. In principle therefore an FBO apex body cannot exist without a constituency of farmers or allied groups of agriculture operators. A core group of leaders or a steering committee will further deliberate, using the suggestions made by the members to design and develop a strategy to strengthen or revive the farmer organization. In accordance with the authorizing legislation, priority will be given to partnerships and collaborations led by or including nongovernmental, community-based In H. K. Schwarzweller (Ed. Technical capabilities of extension staff, 12. Their employees are encouraged to work on their behalf mainly to protect their own survival and secure their career developments. Small farmers' credit constraints: A paradigm. Group structure and size3. 5 million pilot support project for 48 selected women farmer-based organisations across Sefwi- Waiwso in the Western North Region. FBOs are basically unionized farmers and must be managed just as other professional and trade associations are managed in the country. FBOs must to the extent possible be self-financing. Public Administration Review, 40, 480-510. New Roles for Extension• Empowerment Role• Community – Organizing Role• Human Resource Development Role• Problem... 3. Step 3. Chapter 21 - Establishing and strengthening farmer organizations, Steps in establishing
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Gupta, A. K. (1981). Farmer-based Organizations (FBOs) have therefore been identified and promoted as one of the avenues to achieve this goal. At least ten factors are identified under this category: 1. b) Apex bodies of FBO networks that are sustained by their memberships. Step 5. Group standards and norms6. There must be equity in decision making: The need to ensure equity for all irrespective of gender, class and kinship in an association can never be overemphasized. In P. W. Daniels, S. Holden, E. Lewin, & S. Dadi (Eds. Group culture: empowering or controlling or a balance. Will organized low-resource farmers compete for extension services with the existing commercial farm sector, and if so, how can this issue be resolved? Brisbane: Australian Academic Press. Monitoring and Evaluating the FO's Progress. The success of the farmer organization can be evaluated by measuring the increase in the members' productivity, the increase in their net income, and the net reduction in the cost of cultivation due to bulk purchases of inputs by the organization. In S. Chamala & K. Keith (Eds. On the other hand members of FBOs should strive to understand key principles of association to hold their leaders and employees accountable. This will allow them at various levels to benefit from the many advantages that may accrue from population thresholds that will make them economically viable. However, the best way to reinforce the universal value of this tool is for different types of organisations to apply the self-assessment to their own projects. As farmer association networks, FBOs become a civil society force at various levels of decision making that allows them to bring their specific issues to policy makers both within the private and public sectors.Within the context of Ghana’s food and agriculture development policy (FASDEP II), it has become necessary to encourage FBOs to evolve from community levels through district to regional and national apex groups that can advocate on behalf of their members. On the other hand members may institute their own financial institution to support themselves. In Romania, NFS works with their partner Mariana, operating an organic farm, which accommodates survivors of human trafficking. In principle, farmer organizations with full empowerment reduce the pressure on "routine extension" activities, which take up a lot of the VEW's time. The DAES believes that such collaboration will establish an efficient and effective organization of agricultural extension services in the country that could transform traditional agriculture into a modern one for improved living standards of farmers and rural communities. Do we report back to our sponsors? Senge, P. M. (1990). In P. D. Mortiss & S. Chamala, Group management skills/or Landcare: A trainers' guide, p. 33-60. Manila: Bookmark. Learning organizations are created through collective reflection and openness on financial and the other managerial matters (Senge, 1990). Farmer-based organisations (FBOs) are formed in the communal farming communities, mostly by Agricultural Support Services (ASS) providers with the aim that rural communities will become sustainable and manage their own community development activities. Several low-resource farmer groups working with other stakeholders like banks, agribusiness, NGOs, private consultants, and religious and philanthropic agencies will bring more resources to the development process. Burkey, S. (1993). Sloan Management Review, p. 7-22. … To increase the commercial production of pulses – common bean, cowpea, and pigeonpea – and oilseeds – groundnut, so… t.co/QqA3im2Gcc Hence the community influences a group's success. Local level FBO networks may benefit from commodity specific extension services through MOFAs extension agents as well as any other service delivery agencies including input supply dealers; The local networks can also organize marketing of their produce at sub-district or area market centers where with larger quantities and a common voice they are likely to gain better prices for their farm produce.
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